Texas Driving Permit Test Quiz 01

In Texas, understanding the significance of solid and broken lines on the roadway is crucial for safe driving. Solid lines indicate that lane changes are prohibited, while broken lines signify that lane changes are allowed. This distinction is vital for maintaining traffic flow and ensuring the safety of all road users. For instance, if a driver encounters a solid yellow line, it means they cannot cross into the opposing lane, which is particularly important on two-lane roads where oncoming traffic is present. Conversely, a broken yellow line allows for passing when it is safe to do so. Moreover, the context of the road can influence the interpretation of these lines. For example, in a scenario where a driver is approaching a section of road with a solid line but sees a broken line ahead, they must understand that the solid line applies to their current position and that they should not attempt to change lanes until they reach the broken line. This understanding helps prevent accidents and ensures compliance with traffic regulations. Therefore, recognizing and interpreting these markings correctly is essential for all drivers, especially those preparing for their driving permit test in Texas.

When starting and stopping a vehicle, especially in a state like Texas where traffic can be heavy and conditions vary, understanding the nuances of acceleration and deceleration is crucial. Properly managing these actions not only ensures the safety of the driver and passengers but also of other road users. When starting, a driver must assess the environment, including the position of other vehicles, pedestrians, and traffic signals. Smooth acceleration is essential to maintain control and avoid sudden movements that could lead to accidents. Stopping, on the other hand, requires an understanding of the vehicle’s braking system and the distance needed to come to a complete stop, which can vary based on speed, road conditions, and vehicle weight. A driver must also be aware of the stopping distance required when approaching intersections or when a vehicle ahead suddenly brakes. In Texas, where highways and rural roads are common, the ability to start and stop effectively can prevent collisions and ensure compliance with traffic laws. This question tests the understanding of these principles in a practical scenario, requiring the candidate to think critically about the implications of their actions while driving.

When faced with an emergency situation while driving, it is crucial to remain calm and assess the circumstances before taking action. In Texas, as in many states, the ability to handle emergencies effectively can prevent accidents and save lives. One common scenario involves a tire blowout. Drivers must understand that the immediate reaction should not be to slam on the brakes, as this can lead to loss of control. Instead, the driver should maintain a firm grip on the steering wheel, gradually ease off the accelerator, and steer the vehicle to a safe location. This approach allows the driver to maintain control while reducing speed. Additionally, it is important to signal and pull over to the side of the road safely. Once stopped, the driver can assess the situation and call for assistance if necessary. Understanding the correct response to emergencies, such as tire blowouts, is essential for all drivers, especially those preparing for their driving permit test in Texas. This knowledge not only enhances safety but also builds confidence in handling unexpected situations on the road.

In Texas, obtaining a driving permit involves understanding the licensing requirements and processes that ensure a driver is adequately prepared to operate a vehicle safely. The process typically includes age requirements, completion of a driver education course, and passing both a written knowledge test and a vision exam. It’s crucial for applicants to be aware of the specific steps involved, as failing to meet any of these requirements can lead to delays or denial of the permit. Additionally, understanding the implications of provisional licenses, which are often issued to younger drivers, is essential. These licenses come with restrictions that are designed to promote safe driving habits among new drivers. Therefore, a nuanced understanding of the entire licensing process, including the importance of each step and the rationale behind them, is vital for anyone preparing for the Texas Driving Permit Test.

In Texas, understanding state-specific driving laws is crucial for safe and legal driving. One important aspect is the regulation regarding the use of mobile devices while driving. Texas law prohibits texting while driving, which is a primary offense. This means that law enforcement can pull over a driver solely for texting, regardless of whether any other traffic laws are being violated. The law aims to reduce distractions and enhance road safety. However, many drivers may not fully grasp the nuances of this law, such as the distinction between texting and other forms of mobile device use, like making phone calls or using GPS. While hands-free devices are permitted, the law emphasizes that any activity that diverts attention from driving can be dangerous. Understanding these subtleties is essential for drivers to avoid fines and, more importantly, to ensure their safety and the safety of others on the road. This question tests the candidate’s ability to apply their knowledge of Texas driving laws in a practical scenario, emphasizing the importance of being aware of the legal implications of mobile device use while driving.

Driving on gravel and unpaved roads presents unique challenges that require a nuanced understanding of vehicle handling and road conditions. When approaching such roads, drivers must consider factors such as traction, speed, and vehicle stability. Gravel surfaces can be loose and uneven, which may lead to reduced traction compared to paved roads. This can cause vehicles to slide or skid, especially during turns or sudden stops. Additionally, the presence of dust and loose gravel can obscure visibility and create hazardous conditions for both the driver and other road users. Drivers should also be aware of the appropriate speed when navigating these surfaces. Slowing down is crucial, as higher speeds can exacerbate the loss of control and increase stopping distances. Furthermore, understanding the vehicle’s dynamics on unpaved surfaces is essential; for instance, larger vehicles may handle differently than smaller ones due to weight distribution and tire design. Recognizing these factors can help drivers make informed decisions, ensuring their safety and that of others on the road. In Texas, where many rural areas feature gravel roads, it is vital for drivers to be prepared for these conditions, especially when transitioning from paved to unpaved surfaces. This preparation includes adjusting driving techniques and being mindful of the potential for encountering other vehicles, pedestrians, or animals.

Speed limit signs are crucial for maintaining safety on the roads, as they inform drivers of the maximum speed allowed in a given area. In Texas, speed limits can vary significantly depending on the type of road, the area (urban vs. rural), and specific conditions such as construction zones or school zones. Understanding how to interpret these signs is essential for safe driving. For instance, a speed limit sign indicating 30 mph in a residential area suggests that drivers should be cautious of pedestrians and children playing. Conversely, a sign indicating 70 mph on a highway indicates a higher speed tolerance, but drivers must still be aware of their surroundings and adjust their speed according to traffic conditions. Additionally, it is important to recognize that speed limits can change based on time of day or specific circumstances, such as school hours. Therefore, drivers must remain vigilant and adaptable to ensure compliance with speed regulations. Misunderstanding or ignoring speed limit signs can lead to traffic violations, accidents, and increased risk for all road users. Thus, a nuanced understanding of speed limits is vital for responsible driving in Texas.

In emergency situations while driving, it is crucial to remain calm and follow the appropriate procedures to ensure safety for yourself and others on the road. One common scenario involves a tire blowout, which can be alarming and disorienting. The correct response is to maintain control of the vehicle, gradually reduce speed, and steer the vehicle to a safe location off the road. This involves avoiding sudden movements that could lead to loss of control. Once safely off the road, the driver should activate hazard lights and assess the situation. It is important to avoid slamming on the brakes, as this can cause the vehicle to skid or flip. Instead, the driver should allow the vehicle to coast to a stop. Understanding these procedures is vital for any driver, especially in Texas where highways and rural roads can present unique challenges. The other options may suggest actions that could exacerbate the situation, such as abruptly braking or steering sharply, which could lead to a more dangerous scenario. Therefore, recognizing the correct emergency procedure is essential for safe driving practices.

Warning signs are crucial for ensuring the safety of drivers and pedestrians by alerting them to potential hazards on the road. In Texas, these signs are typically yellow and diamond-shaped, indicating that drivers should be prepared to react to changing conditions. Understanding the meaning of these signs is essential for safe driving, as they provide information about upcoming road conditions, such as sharp turns, pedestrian crossings, or merging traffic. For instance, a sign indicating a sharp curve ahead warns drivers to reduce speed and prepare for a sudden change in direction, which could prevent accidents. Additionally, recognizing warning signs helps drivers anticipate the actions of other road users, such as cyclists or pedestrians, who may be affected by the same conditions. It is important for drivers to not only memorize the signs but also to understand the context in which they appear and the appropriate responses required. This understanding can significantly reduce the likelihood of collisions and enhance overall road safety. Therefore, when approaching a warning sign, drivers should assess the situation, adjust their speed, and remain vigilant for any potential hazards that may arise.

Distractions while driving can significantly impair a driver’s ability to operate a vehicle safely. In Texas, as in many other states, it is crucial for drivers to recognize and mitigate distractions to ensure the safety of themselves and others on the road. Distractions can be categorized into three main types: visual, manual, and cognitive. Visual distractions involve taking your eyes off the road, such as looking at a phone or adjusting the radio. Manual distractions occur when a driver takes their hands off the wheel, like reaching for an object or eating. Cognitive distractions happen when a driver’s mind is not focused on driving, which can occur when engaging in a conversation or daydreaming. In the context of the Texas Driving Permit Test, understanding how to avoid distractions is essential. For instance, if a driver receives a text message while driving, the temptation to read or respond can lead to a dangerous situation. The question presented here assesses the candidate’s ability to identify the most effective strategy for minimizing distractions while driving. It requires critical thinking about the implications of different actions and their potential impact on driving safety. By evaluating the options, candidates must consider not only the immediate effects of their choices but also the broader consequences of distracted driving.

Flashing signals are critical components of traffic control that indicate specific actions drivers must take. In Texas, a flashing yellow light typically warns drivers to proceed with caution, while a flashing red light requires a complete stop before proceeding. Understanding the implications of these signals is essential for safe driving. For instance, when approaching a flashing yellow light, drivers should reduce speed and be prepared to yield to any pedestrians or vehicles that may be crossing. Conversely, a flashing red light functions similarly to a stop sign, necessitating that drivers come to a full stop and yield to any oncoming traffic or pedestrians before continuing. Misinterpreting these signals can lead to dangerous situations, including accidents. Therefore, recognizing the difference between these signals and responding appropriately is crucial for maintaining safety on the roads. This understanding is particularly important in urban areas of Texas, where traffic patterns can be complex and the consequences of ignoring traffic signals can be severe.

Reducing emissions is a critical aspect of modern driving practices, especially in urban areas like Texas where air quality can be a concern. Understanding how driving habits and vehicle maintenance can impact emissions is essential for new drivers. For instance, aggressive driving behaviors such as rapid acceleration and hard braking can lead to increased fuel consumption and higher emissions. Additionally, regular vehicle maintenance, including timely oil changes and proper tire inflation, can significantly reduce a vehicle’s environmental impact. Drivers should also be aware of the benefits of carpooling, using public transportation, or opting for fuel-efficient vehicles to minimize their carbon footprint. The choices made by drivers not only affect their immediate environment but also contribute to broader issues such as climate change and public health. Therefore, it is important for drivers to be educated on how their actions can lead to more sustainable driving practices.

When approaching a turn, it is crucial to signal your intentions to other drivers and pedestrians. Signaling not only communicates your next move but also enhances safety by allowing others to anticipate your actions. In Texas, as in many states, the law requires drivers to signal at least 100 feet before making a turn. This distance gives other road users adequate time to react. Additionally, the type of turn—whether it is a left or right turn—determines the specific signaling method. For instance, a right turn requires a right turn signal, while a left turn necessitates a left turn signal. Failure to signal appropriately can lead to confusion and potential accidents, as other drivers may not be aware of your intentions. Moreover, it is essential to check mirrors and blind spots before executing the turn, ensuring that the path is clear. Understanding the nuances of signaling and turning is vital for safe driving practices and is a key component of the Texas Driving Permit Test.

Reducing emissions is a critical aspect of modern driving practices, especially in urban areas like Texas, where air quality can be significantly impacted by vehicle emissions. Understanding how to minimize emissions involves recognizing the importance of vehicle maintenance, driving habits, and the types of fuel used. For instance, regular maintenance such as oil changes, air filter replacements, and tire inflation can enhance fuel efficiency, thereby reducing the amount of harmful gases released into the atmosphere. Additionally, adopting eco-friendly driving techniques, such as smooth acceleration and braking, can further decrease emissions. The choice of vehicle also plays a role; hybrid and electric vehicles produce fewer emissions compared to traditional gasoline-powered cars. Moreover, understanding the environmental impact of driving behaviors, such as idling or aggressive driving, is essential for making informed decisions that contribute to cleaner air. In Texas, where the population is growing and urban areas are expanding, it is vital for drivers to be aware of their emissions and take proactive steps to reduce them, not only for regulatory compliance but also for the health of the community and the environment.

Fatigue is a significant factor that can impair a driver’s ability to operate a vehicle safely. It affects reaction times, decision-making, and overall awareness on the road. When a driver is fatigued, their ability to focus diminishes, leading to slower responses to changing traffic conditions and an increased likelihood of making errors. In Texas, where long stretches of highway and rural roads are common, the risk of fatigue-related accidents is heightened. Drivers may underestimate their level of fatigue, believing they can continue driving safely. However, studies show that fatigue can have effects similar to alcohol impairment, making it crucial for drivers to recognize the signs of fatigue and take appropriate action, such as pulling over to rest or switching drivers. Understanding the impact of fatigue on driving is essential for maintaining safety on the roads, especially in a state with diverse driving conditions and long distances.

Before driving, it is crucial to perform a series of checks to ensure that the vehicle is safe and ready for operation. These checks include verifying that all mirrors are properly adjusted, ensuring that the seat is positioned for optimal control, and confirming that seat belts are functioning correctly. Additionally, drivers should inspect the vehicle’s lights, brakes, and tires to ensure they are in good working condition. This pre-driving checklist is essential for preventing accidents and ensuring the safety of the driver, passengers, and other road users. In Texas, where driving conditions can vary significantly, being diligent about these checks is even more important. For instance, in rural areas, drivers may encounter different road conditions compared to urban settings, making it vital to ensure that the vehicle is equipped to handle such variations. By understanding the importance of these checks and being proactive, drivers can significantly reduce the risk of mechanical failures or accidents caused by human error.

In Texas, the penalties for traffic violations are closely tied to a points system that tracks a driver’s infractions over time. Each violation can result in a specific number of points being added to a driver’s record, and accumulating too many points can lead to severe consequences, including higher insurance rates, mandatory driving courses, or even suspension of driving privileges. For instance, minor violations like speeding may add 2 points, while more serious offenses, such as driving under the influence, can add 8 points. If a driver accumulates 6 or more points within a three-year period, they may be required to pay a surcharge to the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS). Understanding how these points accumulate and the subsequent penalties is crucial for maintaining a clean driving record and avoiding financial repercussions. Additionally, drivers should be aware that certain violations can have long-lasting effects on their driving history, impacting their ability to obtain insurance or renew their licenses. This knowledge is essential for responsible driving and compliance with Texas traffic laws.

Before starting a vehicle, it is crucial to conduct a series of pre-driving checks to ensure safety and compliance with traffic regulations. These checks include verifying the condition of the vehicle’s lights, brakes, tires, and mirrors, as well as ensuring that the seatbelt is fastened and that the vehicle is free of any obstructions. In Texas, where driving conditions can vary significantly, especially in urban areas like Houston or Dallas, these checks become even more critical. For instance, ensuring that headlights and taillights are functioning properly can prevent accidents during nighttime driving or in inclement weather. Additionally, checking tire pressure and tread depth is essential for maintaining traction on Texas highways, which can be particularly important during rainy seasons when roads may become slick. By understanding the importance of these pre-driving checks, drivers can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and ensure a safer driving experience for themselves and others on the road.

Respecting the rights of other road users is a fundamental principle of safe driving. In Texas, as in many other states, drivers must be aware of their surroundings and the presence of pedestrians, cyclists, and other vehicles. This principle is not just about following the law; it is about fostering a culture of safety and consideration on the road. For instance, when approaching a crosswalk, a driver must yield to pedestrians who are already in the crosswalk or are about to enter it. Failing to do so can lead to accidents and injuries. Additionally, understanding the dynamics of different road users is crucial. Cyclists, for example, have the same rights as motor vehicle operators, and drivers must give them adequate space when passing. This includes being aware of the speed and maneuverability of different vehicles and adjusting one’s driving behavior accordingly. The scenario presented in the question emphasizes the importance of making safe and respectful decisions that prioritize the safety of all road users, which is essential for maintaining order and preventing accidents on Texas roads.

Understanding vehicle operation and control is crucial for safe driving, especially in a state like Texas where diverse driving conditions exist. One of the key aspects of vehicle control is the ability to manage speed effectively in relation to road conditions and traffic. When approaching a curve, for instance, it is essential to reduce speed before entering the curve rather than during or after. This is because maintaining a safe speed allows for better handling of the vehicle and reduces the risk of skidding or losing control. Additionally, factors such as road surface, weather conditions, and the vehicle’s weight distribution can significantly affect how a vehicle responds in a turn. Drivers must also be aware of their surroundings, including other vehicles and pedestrians, which can influence their speed and maneuvering decisions. By practicing proper speed management, drivers can enhance their ability to navigate curves safely, thereby minimizing the likelihood of accidents. This question tests the understanding of how speed affects vehicle control in specific scenarios, requiring critical thinking about the implications of speed adjustments in different driving situations.

Skid recovery is a critical skill for drivers, particularly in Texas where weather conditions can vary significantly, leading to slippery roads. When a vehicle begins to skid, the driver must respond appropriately to regain control. The most effective method for recovering from a skid depends on the type of skid experienced—oversteering or understeering. In an oversteer situation, where the rear wheels lose traction, the driver should steer into the skid, allowing the rear wheels to regain grip. Conversely, in an understeer situation, where the front wheels lose traction, the driver should ease off the accelerator and steer in the direction they want to go. It’s essential for drivers to remain calm and avoid slamming on the brakes, as this can exacerbate the skid. Understanding the dynamics of vehicle control during skids is vital for safe driving, especially in adverse conditions. Practicing skid recovery techniques in a controlled environment can help drivers develop the necessary reflexes and confidence to handle real-world situations effectively.

Legal parking practices are crucial for maintaining order and safety on the roads. In Texas, as in many states, there are specific regulations that dictate where and how vehicles can be parked. Understanding these regulations helps prevent accidents, ensures accessibility for emergency vehicles, and promotes a smoother flow of traffic. For instance, parking in front of a fire hydrant or in a designated handicap space without the proper permit can lead to fines and towing. Additionally, parking too close to intersections can obstruct visibility for both drivers and pedestrians, increasing the risk of accidents. It is also important to recognize the difference between public and private parking regulations, as they can vary significantly. Drivers must be aware of signage indicating parking restrictions, such as time limits or permit requirements, and must always ensure they are not blocking driveways or access points. By adhering to these legal parking practices, drivers contribute to a safer driving environment for everyone.

In Texas, understanding state-specific driving laws is crucial for safe and legal driving. One important aspect is the regulation regarding the use of mobile devices while driving. Texas law prohibits the use of handheld devices for texting while driving, which is a significant safety concern. This law aims to reduce distractions that can lead to accidents. However, there are nuances to this law, such as exceptions for emergency situations or the use of hands-free devices. Additionally, local jurisdictions may have their own regulations that further restrict mobile device use. Therefore, drivers must be aware not only of the state law but also of any local ordinances that may apply. Understanding these laws helps drivers make informed decisions and avoid penalties, ensuring a safer driving environment for everyone. This question tests the candidate’s ability to apply their knowledge of Texas driving laws in a practical scenario, emphasizing the importance of being aware of both state and local regulations.

Alcohol and drugs can significantly impair a driver’s ability to operate a vehicle safely. Understanding the effects of these substances is crucial for any driver, especially in Texas, where driving under the influence is a serious offense. Alcohol affects coordination, reaction time, and judgment, making it difficult for drivers to respond to sudden changes in traffic conditions. For instance, a driver who has consumed alcohol may misjudge the speed of oncoming vehicles or fail to notice pedestrians crossing the street. Similarly, drugs—whether prescription, over-the-counter, or illegal—can alter perception and cognitive function, leading to dangerous driving behaviors. It is essential for drivers to recognize that even small amounts of alcohol or certain medications can impair their ability to drive safely. In Texas, the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit is 0.08%, but impairment can begin at much lower levels. Therefore, understanding the nuances of how alcohol and drugs affect driving is vital for making informed decisions about when to drive and when to seek alternative transportation.

When driving in Texas, understanding how to handle different road conditions is crucial for safety. One common scenario involves driving on wet or slippery roads, which can significantly affect vehicle control and stopping distance. When roads are wet, the friction between the tires and the road surface decreases, making it easier for vehicles to skid. Drivers must adjust their speed and increase their following distance to allow for longer stopping times. Additionally, it is essential to avoid sudden movements, such as sharp turns or hard braking, which can lead to loss of control. In Texas, where rain can be sporadic and heavy, being prepared for these conditions is vital. Drivers should also be aware of the potential for hydroplaning, which occurs when a layer of water builds between the tires and the road, causing the vehicle to lose traction. Recognizing these risks and adjusting driving behavior accordingly can prevent accidents and ensure safer travel.

Stop signs are critical traffic control devices that require drivers to come to a complete stop at intersections. In Texas, as in many other states, the law mandates that drivers must stop at a stop sign before proceeding, ensuring that they yield to any oncoming traffic or pedestrians. The key to understanding stop signs lies in recognizing that they are not merely a suggestion but a legal requirement. When approaching a stop sign, a driver must come to a full stop, look in all directions for any potential hazards, and only proceed when it is safe to do so. This means that even if the intersection appears clear, the driver must still stop and assess the situation. Moreover, the placement of stop signs can vary based on the intersection’s design and traffic patterns. For instance, a stop sign may be placed at a T-intersection where one road ends, and another road continues, requiring drivers on the terminating road to stop. Understanding the context of stop signs, including their placement and the surrounding traffic conditions, is essential for safe driving. Failure to comply with stop signs can lead to accidents and legal repercussions, making it crucial for drivers to internalize the importance of these signs in their driving behavior.

Defensive driving is a crucial skill for all drivers, particularly in a state like Texas, where diverse driving conditions and behaviors can be encountered. The essence of defensive driving lies in anticipating potential hazards and taking proactive measures to avoid accidents. This involves not only being aware of one’s surroundings but also understanding the behavior of other drivers. For instance, if a driver notices a vehicle swerving or driving erratically, a defensive driver would maintain a safe distance and be prepared to react appropriately, whether that means slowing down, changing lanes, or even pulling over if necessary. Additionally, defensive driving emphasizes the importance of obeying traffic laws, using turn signals, and being cautious at intersections. By practicing these principles, drivers can significantly reduce their risk of being involved in accidents. The question presented here tests the understanding of how to apply defensive driving techniques in a real-world scenario, requiring the candidate to think critically about the best course of action when faced with a potentially dangerous situation.

When reversing a vehicle, understanding the geometry of the parking space is crucial. Suppose a driver is attempting to reverse into a parking space that is 10 feet wide and 20 feet long. The driver is positioned 5 feet away from the front of the parking space. To determine the angle at which the driver must turn the steering wheel to successfully reverse into the space, we can use trigonometric principles. Let \( d \) be the distance from the vehicle’s rear to the back of the parking space, which is 20 feet. The width of the parking space is \( w = 10 \) feet. The driver is initially \( 5 \) feet away from the front of the parking space, so the effective distance to the back of the space is \( d – 5 = 15 \) feet. Using the tangent function, we can express the angle \( \theta \) that the driver must turn the steering wheel as follows: $$ \tan(\theta) = \frac{w}{d – 5} $$ Substituting the known values: $$ \tan(\theta) = \frac{10}{15} = \frac{2}{3} $$ To find \( \theta \), we take the arctangent: $$ \theta = \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{2}{3}\right) $$ Calculating this gives us the angle in degrees. The driver must ensure that this angle is maintained while reversing to successfully park within the designated space.

When reversing a vehicle, particularly in a parking scenario, it is crucial to understand the dynamics of vehicle movement and the spatial awareness required to navigate safely. In Texas, as in many places, drivers are expected to use their mirrors effectively and check their surroundings before and during the reversing process. This includes being aware of pedestrians, other vehicles, and any obstacles that may not be immediately visible. The correct technique involves turning the steering wheel in the direction you want the rear of the vehicle to go, which can be counterintuitive for new drivers. Additionally, it is important to reverse slowly to allow for better control and reaction time. In the scenario presented, the driver must assess the situation carefully, considering the angle of the parking space, the proximity of other vehicles, and the potential for pedestrians to be in the vicinity. Understanding these principles is essential for safe driving and parking, especially in urban areas like those found in Texas, where space can be limited and traffic can be heavy.

Understanding road signs is crucial for safe driving, as they provide essential information about the rules of the road, potential hazards, and directions. In Texas, as in many states, road signs are standardized to ensure that drivers can easily recognize and interpret them. The sign in question is a regulatory sign that indicates a specific action that drivers must take. Regulatory signs are typically rectangular and feature a white background with black or red lettering. They convey laws that must be followed, such as speed limits, no parking zones, or stop requirements. Recognizing these signs is vital for maintaining traffic flow and ensuring safety on the roads. For instance, a sign indicating a speed limit is not merely a suggestion; it is a legal requirement that drivers must adhere to. Failure to comply with these signs can result in traffic violations and accidents. Therefore, being able to identify and understand the implications of various road signs is a fundamental skill for any driver preparing for their driving permit test in Texas.